A Mystery That s Never Been Solved - 935 Words

A Mystery that’s Never Been Solved Knowledge and existence are in interconnected relationship. One of most common questions asked by philosophers is â€Å"Do I exist?† To answer this question, â€Å"existence† can be examine linguistically, scientifically, and philosophically. Additionally, the consequent of existence can be the lead to its mystery. So, dose a person who lives in New Jersey exist to a person who lives in Tokyo? First, the neurological explanation of existence is correlated to the learning process. According to some neurologists, the mind is unable to create or imagine any visual or audible sensory without seeing, hearing, toughing, or tasting. Which are all related to the human’s senses. Whether these imagery are obtain by the conscious or the non-conscious mind, they are forms of knowledge.Thus, existence can be correlated to the human’s sense. Meaning, a person must activate one of his or her senses in order to create a neurological pathways, which are then modulated in the form of meaning.Therefor, existence is analytic way of knowledge. However, these forms of information are passive due to its relation to senses. For instance, if two people,fin and Jack, are walking in the opposite direction of each other and Jack is looking at fin. Then, for jack fin exist. On the other hand jack doesn’t exist for fin. A similar philosophic way was used by Descartes. He used the scientific method of analyzing his abilities and knowledge in relation to the existence of god. ForShow MoreRelatedThe Mysterious Death Of Mary Rogers And The Market Revolution1330 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Market Revolution â€Å"The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers,† written by Amy Gilman Srebnick is about the unsolved mystery of Mary Rogers. Mary Rogers worked at a broadway tobacco shop. She was called â€Å"cigar girl.† In the 1840’s it was very shameful for a young lady like Mary Roger to work at a cigar shop because but in a way she made the shop well known. She also managed her mother s boarding house at 126 Nassau Street. Mary was the youngest child. She was young, unmarried, and beautiful. Mary alsoRead MoreEssay Jack the Ripper1209 Words   |  5 PagesAP English IV Book Report â€Å"Jack the Ripper† Jack the Ripper was a notorious serial killer, whom some believe never even existed at all. From August to November 1888, Jack the Ripper terrorized the East End of London by being responsible for the death and mutilation of at least seven female prostitutes. The destitute East End is also known as the White Chapel district of London, England. A few of the prostitutes were targeted as they were leaving brothels in and around the White ChapelRead MoreThe Mystery of Oak Island700 Words   |  3 Pages The Mystery of Oak Island The World’s Longest Unsolved Mystery The Mystery of Oak Island Close your eyes and imagine the excitement and adventure of finding a mystery that involves many deaths, unknown treasures and much speculation. Mysteries are intriguing and finding a real life mystery that has been unsolved in history for several hundred years is unusual. Throughout time millions of people have been interested in treasures, legends and unsolved mysteries. Books, movies and legendsRead MoreInvestigation of Jack the Ripper Essays1436 Words   |  6 Pagesserial killer, he kept his true identity a secret from the world. Many people today see Jack the Ripper as a mystery which will never be solved. People have tried for many years to find out the mystery of Jack the Ripper but can not and will not succeed. The fact that no one knows the identity of him keeps the mystery of the unknown killer alive. It will stay a mystery forever, all we know is that he was the killer of five women and the alleged murderer of eleven women. ThereRead MoreAmerican Myths and Mysteries Essay2813 Words   |  12 Pagesdecades that America has been in existence there have been many interesting mysteries that have not been solved and myths passed down from generation to generation. No one knows what caused these myths to come about or why these mysteries were never solved, but they are a very interesting part of American history. From mysteries involving serial killers to myths about mysterious creatures, there is a wide range of the unknown that many people, except for witnesses, have never heard about. Now let’sRead MoreMysteries And Theories Behind The Bermuda Triangle1334 Words   |  6 PagesMysteries and theories behind the Bermuda Triangle While researching different websites and resources about the Bermuda Triangle, I came across many different theories and explanations about the Bermuda Triangle. The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil s Triangle, is a section in the Atlantic Ocean between Miami, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico where ships and planes have disappeared with no trace of them. The Bermuda Triangle covers around 500,000 square miles of ocean, known to be a very popularRead MoreGravity Falls By Alex Hirsh1150 Words   |  5 Pagesepisode, and the cacophony of crazy ciphers that are solved each episode. The main characters are the twins Dipper and Mabel. The series is based about their adventures during their summer trip to stay with their Great Uncle, or as he is called in the show Grunkle, Stan. However, the focus of this analysis is one just one episode called The Last Mabelcorn. The journey will take us through a rather valuable lesson to show kids. Sometimes a person s gut is not always right as people tend to jump to conclusionsRead MoreEssay about Amelia Earhart Biography1395 Words   |  6 PagesAmelia Earhart Many fantastic aviators have shown their talents throughout the centuries. Americans have been fascinated, time after time, with the ability to fly. One woman in particular took her fascinations and abilities and became one of the greatest aviators of her time. Amelia Earhart was a very famous, record-setting woman aviator. Amelia, while on her around the world flight in 1937, disappeared and left many people, even today, trying to figure out what happened to her. Amelia EarhartRead MoreThe Article On Aliens Among Us1284 Words   |  6 PagesExtraterrestrial life has been a big topic for Americans since day one. According to author Lee Speigel there is an estimation of 48 percent of Americans throughout the nation that believe in life on other planets while only 35 percent reject the idea. Life on other planets exists. According to the article â€Å"Aliens among Us† by Paul, David extraterrestrial evidence has already been discovered such as different types of bacteria and even water. The article â€Å"Aliens among Us† is a credible source becauseRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing1317 Words   |  6 Pagesbrought on by a deceit. A lot of mystery surrounds the marriage in 1582 of England’s greatest writer and Miss Hathaway, but scholars are sure on a few of the facts. Firstly, William was 18 years old and Anne was 26. At the time, an age difference of this type was very unusual.  It is seeming that A nne Hathaway became pregnant prior to marriage which would have no doubt caused a scandal for both of the families. William Shakespeare s father John would not have been pleased at the damaging effect that

Let Gays Marry Free Essays

Let Gays Marry Andrew Sullivan â€Å"A state cannot deem a class of persons a stranger to its laws,† declared the Supreme Court last week. It was a monumental statement. Gay men and lesbians, the conservative court said, are no longer strangers in America. We will write a custom essay sample on Let Gays Marry or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are citizens, entitled, like everyone else, to equal protection—no special rights, but simple equality. For the first time in Supreme Court history, gay men and women were seen not as some powerful lobby trying to subvert America, but as the people we truly are—the sons and daughters of countless mothers and fathers, with all the weaknesses and strengths and hopes of everybody else. And what we seek is not some special place in America but merely to be a full and equal part of America, to give back to our society without being forced to lie or hide or live as second-class citizens. That is why marriage is so central to our hopes. People ask us why we want the right to marry, but the answer is obvious. It’s the same reason anyone wants the right to marry. At some point in our lives, some of us are lucky enough to meet the person we truly love. And we want to commit to that person in front of our family and country for the rest of our lives. It’s the most simple, the most natural, the most human instinct in the world. How could anyone seek to oppose that? Yes, at first blush, it seems like a radical proposal, but, when you think about it some more, it’s actually the opposite. Throughout American history, to be sure, marriage has been between a man and a woman, and in many ways our society is built upon that institution. But none of that need change in the slightest. After all, no one is seeking to take away anybody’s right to marry, and no one is seeking to force any church to change any doctrine in any way. Particular religious arguments against same-sex marriage are rightly debated within the churches and faiths themselves. That is not the issue here: there is a separation between church and state in this country. We are only asking that when the government gives out civil marriage licenses, those of us who are gay should be treated like anybody else. Of course, some argue that marriage is by definition between a man and a woman. But for centuries, marriage was by definition a contract in which the wife was her husband’s legal property. And we changed that. For centuries, marriage was by definition between two people of the same race. And we changed that. We changed these things because we recognized that human dignity is the same whether you are a man or a woman, black or white. And no one has any more of a choice to be gay than to be black or white or male or female. Some say that marriage is only about raising children, but we let childless heterosexual couples be married (Bob and Elizabeth Dole, Pat and Shelley Buchanan, for instance). Why should gay couples be treated differently? Others fear that there is no logical difference between allowing same-sex marriage and sanctioning polygamy and other horrors. But the issue of whether to sanction multiple spouses (gay or straight) is completely separate from whether, in the existing institution between two unrelated adults, the government should discriminate between its citizens. This is, in fact, if only Bill Bennett could see it, a deeply conservative cause. It seeks to change no one else’s rights or marriages in any way. It seeks merely to promote monogamy, fidelity and the disciplines of family life among people who have long been cast to the margins of society. And what could be a more conservative project than that? Why indeed would any conservative seek to oppose those very family values for gay people that he or she   supports for everybody else? Except, of course, to make gay men and lesbians strangers in their own country, to forbid them ever to come home. Andrew Sullivan, â€Å"Three’s a Crowd,† The New Republic (June 17, 1996). Reprinted by permission of The New Republic, (c) 1996, The New Republic, Inc. William Bennett, â€Å"Leave Marriage Alone. † From Newsweek 3 June 1996. (c) 1996,   Newsweek, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission. Andrew Sullivan, â€Å"Let Gays Marry. † From Newsweek 3 June 1996. (c) 1996, Newsweek, Inc. All rights reserved. How to cite Let Gays Marry, Papers

Impact of Employee Attrition on Car Manufacturing-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Employee attrition on Production of Car Manufacturing Companies. Answer: Introduction This is a study, which depicts the impact of employee attrition on car manufacturing companies. The organization chosen for the study is Holden which is automobile manufacturing company in Australia. The company has its head quarter in Port Melbourne and is one of the subsidiaries for the United States giants named General Motors. Employee attrition has a significant role to play in the performance of the organization. Employee attrition can have positive impact on the performance of the organization. However, this study deals with the positive and the negative impact of the attrition on an organization. Holden is one of the top manufacturing companies in Australia and the effect of attrition on the employees can be determined in this study. Literature review There are various reasons which are attached to the attrition rate of the employees in an organization. The turnover classifications show the different types of classification schemes such as voluntary and involuntary. The voluntary attrition can be divided in to functional and dysfunctional attrition. The dysfunctional attrition can be divide in to avoidable and unavoidable attrition (Podsakoff et al., 2009). According to Ton Huckman, (2008), attrition is act of leaving an organization by an employee on its own choice or forcibly is known as attrition. Voluntary turnover is the act where an employee leaves the company on its own accord whereas involuntary turnover is the attrition when company forces an employee to leave the organization (Shaw, Gupta Delery, 2005). When high performers in an organization leave it is considered dysfunctional turnover whereas when low performers in an organization leaves it is known as functional turnover. When the organization can influence any envi ronment related to work is known as avoidable attrition where as when the organization does not have any control over the environment of the organization it is known as unavoidable attrition (Ongori, 2007). Voluntary turnover has been considered as the most critical component of the organization as it plays an important in bridging the gap between the micro behaviour and the macro strategies in an organization. Voluntary turnover can help in ensuring stability and at the same time connects the individual experiences on a regular basis to measure the factors of success in an organization. According to Meier Hicklin, (2007), leaving an organization for an employee is one of the toughest decisions as the employees will have to invest significant amount of time and energy to find a new job. Moreover, it is quite stressful for employee to leave their interpersonal bonding and the daily routines. Thus, the time intervention from an organization can prevent the voluntary attrition. There are various factors, which are attached to the attrition of the employees that can be external and internal. Organizational size, location, payment, industry, supervisory level, promotion and benefits (Zimmer man Darnold, 2009). The other factors that are related to the employee attrition are the integrative variables like job satisfaction, demographic variables and working conditions. The family related variables are the non-work related with the attrition of an employee. According to Park Shaw, (2013), organization should only focus on the voluntary turnover as it is in control of the organization. The employees who have high level of performance are the ones with lots of opportunities and can easily change jobs which is harmful for an organization as it disrupts the performance level. When an employee leaves a job then the company faces loss, the amount is twice the salary of any individual, and it may be even more depending on the industry of the organization. Whenever an employee leaves a job it disrupts the level of production in the manufacturing industry. The dynamics, operations and the overall performance of the employees cause a disruption and this increases the overall cost of production (O'Connell Kung, 2007). Thus, it can be seen that effect of attrition on the manufacturing industry is quite high as workforce is required for maintaining the continuous level of production. There have been lots of companies who have lost billions for high attrition rate. The amount of money they spent on the growth the employees have to gone to a waste. Moreover, they have to spent more amount of money for replacing the employees so this can be considered as wastage of resources (Heavey, HolwerdaHausknecht, 2013). Holden is facing similar problems with the high attrition rate in the company and their production rate is getting hampered due to the increase in the turnover of the employees. This study will make sure that the existing theories that have been established will be confirmed and some hidden facts which is specific to the organization will be released Research plan Main activities/ stages Week1 Week2 Week3 Week4 Week 5 Week 6 Topic Selection Data collection from secondary sources Framing layout of the research Literature review Formation of the research Plan Selection of the Appropriate Research Techniques Primary data collection Analysis Interpretation of Data Collection Conclusion of the Study Formation of Rough Draft Submission of Final Work Research methodology The study is demarcated with the assistance of the research methodology and lot of complications are tangled in the validation process. Research methodology deliverspath to the research paper and Positivism is castoff as the viewpoint of the research. The prevailing marketing concepts will be authenticated with the aid of Positivism and so this is the precise method for the research paper. There are evidences that are concealed and cannot be acknowledged easily, the exploration will help to recognise these veiled facts and formulate the possibility for applying descriptive study (Flick, 2015). The construction of the hypothesis will be executed with the assistance of the Positivism method. The hypothesis shall authenticate the prevailing theories that are valid to this perception. The method of the study will be deductive, the prevailing concepts and hypothesis testing can be done with the assistance of the deductive method. The deductive method is the apt approach, as it will aid to proof the theories. The critical analysis of the information has to be done with the assistance of the secondary data. The secondary data will entail of both qualitative and the quantitative data (Panneerselvam, 2014). The secondary data will be collected from various journals and research papers including the annual report of Holden. The data will show the effect of employee attrition on employees and will consist of various charts, graphs and figures. Figure 1 (Source: O'Connell Kung, 2007) Figure 2 (Source: Heavey, Holwerda Hausknecht, 2013) Figure 3 (Source: Ongori, 2007) Figure 4 (Source: Podsakoff et al., 2009) Recommendations The recommendation that can be drawn from this critical analysis is that the organization sin the manufacturing industry should focus on retention of employees. The workforce required for the manufacturing industry is huge and continuous attrition of employees hampers then production rate of the companies. The overall cost of production for any company increases with the increase in the attrition rate of the employees so the companies will have control the voluntary turnover and especially for those employees who have high level of performance. It is tough to find good employees in this industry and moreover, there are large number of employees who does not prefer working in the manufacturing sector. The human resource team will have to efficient so that they bring about changes in the workforce of the organization, the organization culture plays an important role in the motivation of the employees. The employees should be kept motivated so that they are happy and loyal to the organi zation. Thus, it can be concluded form the critical analysis of the topic that the existing theories suggest that employee attrition has a negative impact on the performance of an organization and especially for the manufacturing industry where the overall work is related to the workforce of the organization. Holden is very much effected due to the high level of attrition in the company and they need to identify the hidden causes which is causing the increase the attrition rate of the organization. Thus, the final conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that the employee has a negative impact on the performance of any organization and it is essential for organization to improve the work quality in an organization to improve the retention rate. References Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Heavey, A. L., Holwerda, J. A., Hausknecht, J. P. (2013). Causes and consequences of collective turnover: a meta-analytic review. Marais, H. C., Pienaar-Marais, M. (2016, June). Analysis of Research Methodology in Business and Management Studies as Reflected in the ECRM 2015 Proceedings. InEuropean Conference on Research Methodology for Business and Management Studies(p. 167). Academic Conferences International Limited. Meier, K. J., Hicklin, A. (2007). Employee turnover and organizational performance: Testing a hypothesis from classical public administration.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,18(4), 573-590. O'Connell, M., Kung, M. C. (2007). The Cost of Employee Turnover.Industrial Management,49(1). Ongori, H. (2007). A review of the literature on employee turnover. Panneerselvam, R. (2014).Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt.Ltd.. Park, T. Y., Shaw, J. D. (2013). Turnover rates and organizational performance: a meta-analysis. Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual-and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Shaw, J. D., Gupta, N., Delery, J. E. (2005). Alternative conceptualizations of the relationship between voluntary turnover and organizational performance.Academy of management journal,48(1), 50-68. Ton, Z., Huckman, R. S. (2008). Managing the impact of employee turnover on performance: The role of process conformance.Organization Science,19(1), 56-68. Zimmerman, R. D., Darnold, T. C. (2009). The impact of job performance on employee turnover intentions and the voluntary turnover process: A meta-analysis and path model.Personnel Review,38(2), 142-158.

The Major Components of Bioethics in Healthcare

Provision of quality healthcare is paramount for a healthy and productive population. The field of medicine has well outlined principles and standards that are expected of all the professionals and specialists in the healthcare sector. In the United States, a significant percentage of the healthcare industry is under private operators (Boyle, 2001). The nature of services as well as how they are offered become of much interest for everyone in order to avoid any instances of unethical practices in the name of healthcare.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Components of Bioethics in Healthcare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All medical professionals should uphold their commitment to adhere to the ethical obligations and values as provided in the course of their training. The essay discusses some of the major components of bioethics in healthcare. It gives examples in clinical practices that may be viewed a s unethical with reference to the current nursing standards. Ethics entails the enhancement of right actions and good things by members of any given profession. It basically refers to the standards and actions that are expected of a group as provided in the profession’s code of ethical conduct. These actions are usually stipulated in the code of ethics for any given field although some may be at a personal level or unwritten (Morrison Monagle, 2009). Ethical concerns in healthcare have been in existence for a considerably long period of time. Ethics in healthcare may be regarded as social ethics due to the fact that it is generally based on an enduring ideal of committed service. The first component of ethics in healthcare, just like in any other science, is beneficence. It refers to the physician’s discretion in handling the patient. This component obliges medical experts to make informed judgments as far as treatment of a patient is concerned (Drane, 2004). The prof essionals are expected â€Å"to help and not to harm† by making value judgments. Physician beneficence has been in existence for a long time now but of late it has been challenged by the coming into effect of new ethical concerns in the medical field, especially in America. Under this component, a physician should make value judgments about the patient in the course of treatment and not just relying solely on scientifically determined judgments (Morrison Monagle, 2009). For instance, in the current nursing standards, a physician should not recommend treatment that will be harmful, risky or useless for the patient regardless of whether the patient â€Å"asked for it† or the physician decided so.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second component is patient autonomy which refers to the right of a patient to give an informed consent in the course of treatment (Dra ne, 2004). In essence, it entails the right to refuse a given form of treatment and, on the other hand, the right to demand a treatment from among the options justifiable in the medical profession. This component has over the past three decades become a threat to physician beneficence. However, the physician’s professional training in ethics limits the right of a patient to demand or refuse a given form of medically justifiable treatment option especially where patient competence is an issue (Beauchamp, 1999). For instance, it would be unethical for a physician to impose a treatment that, in respect to the patient’s values, is highly risky, shameful, burdensome, painful or extremely costly. However, it would also be unethical if a physician obliges to a patient’s refusal of ordinary treatment particularly if their refusal may result in serious health problems or even death. The third component of ethics is justice. It refers to the equitable distribution of reso urces in the healthcare industry (Drane, 2004). There are two distinct parts of this principle; the first is individual justice where each patient is entitled to their own justice in the course of treatment while the second is distributive justice where physicians are obliged to address the needs of a larger group of people for the common good (Beauchamp, 1999). These two sub-components have always been in conflict due to clashing interests in the distribution of resources. It would be unethical, for example, to take generalized options that would jeopardize individual interests and vise versa. The last component in bioethics is non-maleficence which is closely related with beneficence. Under this principle, physicians are obliged to make effort not to harm the patient in the course of treatment (Drane, 2004). It is guided by the traditional call upon medical practitioners to â€Å"first do no harm†. This component, however, may be viewed as being in conflict with that of ben eficence. For instance, it would be unethical for a physician to choose to do nothing in order to avoid harming the patient. This is because good/beneficial actions that may be risky within acceptable limits for the patient will have been left out hence escalating the problem.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Components of Bioethics in Healthcare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Beauchamp, G. R. (1999). â€Å"The correct application of ethical components to resolve issues in values.† Journal of Medical Science, 1 (2): 40-42 Boyle, P. (2001). Ethics in healthcare: principles, cases, and pragmatic solutions. John Wiley and Sons Drane, J. F. (2004). Understanding clinical bioethics: theory and practice in medical  decision-making (3rd ed). Rowman Littlefield Morrison, E. E. Monagle, J. F. (2009). A handbook of healthcare ethics: issues for the  21st century (2nd ed). Jones Bartlett Learning This essay on The Major Components of Bioethics in Healthcare was written and submitted by user Darwin Hahn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

frederick douglass character sketch essays

frederick douglass character sketch essays Frederick Douglass personality is shown in a few different ways in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. His book was an in-depth look into the life of a slave in the mid 1800s. It helped people get a better view of how slaves were treated, on gave fuel to the Abolitionist fire. Frederick Douglass Narrative was a first person historical account of slavery. Since it is an account written by him, it helps us today to see slavery without exaggeration or Government re-written history books. This book is also a documentation of Douglass life. So it gives us a good look at Douglass thoughts, feeling, and personality. Frederick Douglass character is comprised mainly of his independence, his perseverance, and his intelligence. Throughout the book, Frederick Douglass shows himself to be independent. Young Frederick took it upon himself to learn how to read. Even though he received help from the local childrens books, he really did the teaching himself, which is something that he couldnt do unless he had independence. When Douglass got into the fight at the docks, he took on the whole group alone. Had he gotten the help of other slaves there, he might not have been hurt so horribly. The book, of course, leads to his literal independence: his escape from slavery. Douglass whole life leads up to his escape, from he day he learns to read until the fight with Mr. Covey. Throughout his life, Douglass acted independently, but it was his perseverance that was a big factor in his escape. Perseverance was another one of Douglass good character building qualities. Even as he was independently learning to read, he had to persevere to make sure that he actually did. Since he could only get lessons during his free time, it took him awhile to learn to read; so if he hadnt persevered throughout this period, h ...

How to Read a Lot of Dry Text Quickly

How to Read a Lot of Dry Text Quickly Dry text is a term used to describe text that might be boring, long-winded, or written purely for academic value rather than entertainment value. You can often find dry text in textbooks, case studies, business reports, financial analysis reports, etc. In other words, dry text appears in many of the documents you will need to read and study while you are pursuing a business degree.   You may have to read dozens of textbooks and hundreds of case studies while enrolled in business school. To stand any chance of getting through all of your required reading, you will need to learn how to read a lot of dry text quickly and efficiently.  In this article, were going to take a look at a few tricks and methods that will help you wade through all of your required reading. Find a Good Place to Read Although it is possible to read almost anywhere, your reading environment can have a huge impact on how much text you cover and how much information you retain. The best reading places are well-lit, quiet, and offer a comfortable place to sit. The environment should also be free of distractions- human or otherwise. Use the SQ3R Method of Reading The Survey, Question, Read, Review and Recite (SQ3R)  method of reading is one of the most commonly used approaches to reading. To use the SQ3R method of reading, follow these five simple steps: Survey - Scan the material before you actually begin reading. Pay special attention to titles, headings, bold or italicized words, chapter summaries, diagrams, and pictures with captions.Question - As you read, you should constantly ask yourself what the key takeaway point is.Read - Read what you need to read, but focus on comprehending the material. Seek the facts and write information down as you learn.Review - Review what you have learned when you finish reading. Look at your notes, chapter summaries, or things you have written in the margin and then reflect on key concepts.Recite - Recite what you have learned aloud in your own words until you are confident that you understand the material and could explain it to someone else. Learn to Speed Read Speed reading is a great way to get through a lot of dry text quickly. However, it is important to remember that the goal of speed reading involves more than just reading fast- you need to be able to comprehend and retain what you are reading. You can study speed reading techniques online to learn exactly how its done. There are also a number of speed reading books on the market that can teach you various methods. Focus on Recall, Not Reading Sometimes, reading every assignment just isnt possible no matter how hard you try. Dont worry if you find yourself in this predicament. Reading every word isnt necessary. Whats important is that you are able to recall the most important information. Keep in mind that memory is highly visual. If you can create a mental memory tree, it may be easier for you to visualize and later recall facts, statistics, and other key information that you need to remember for class assignments, discussions, and tests. Get more tips on how to remember facts and information.   Read Backwards Starting at the beginning of a textbook chapter  isnt always the best idea. You are better off flipping to the end of the chapter where you will usually find a summary of key concepts, a list of vocabulary terms, and a list of questions that cover main ideas from the chapter. Reading this end section first will make it easier for you to locate and focus on the important topics when you read the rest of the chapter.

The Strategy Behind the Brand Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Strategy Behind the Brand Building - Essay Example aining attention from the increased inconsistency associated with brand planning, strategizing, and aligning processes, which result in a brand failing quickly after its launch. The study identifies the major components associated with brand identity, i.e. brand strategy attributes, brand identity elements, the target audience, and brand applications, and converts them into a visual branding tree by explaining the brand identity process and design procedure. This is invaluable to designers, marketers, researchers, and brand supervisors. It may possibly save time and money in the long run, not to mention keeping all the elements consistent with the brand management process. The brand building process is something that every business must go through to determine how to market its markets and who to. Understanding the consumer market goes a long way in deciding how a company will perform in the long run. This study is important because inconsistent brand building can sometimes confuse the audience, resulting in lost revenue and profit. The target audience should have an emotional bond and sense of belonging, which results in customer appreciation and thus customer loyalty. A brand should be presented consistently across all applications. The only way to ensure this is through comprehensive brand identity standards or systems that are easy to understand and available through both print and Web-based sources. The brand building process can often result in success for a brand. This will attract a broader customer base, and brand managers, designers, and marketers will have less confusion in the brand building

China sweat factories pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

China sweat factories pollution - Essay Example The thesis statement of this paper is: Sweatshops in China are unethical because they are causing severe pollution and are destroying the environments surrounding the country. A sweatshop is basically a factory in the clothing industry, in which working conditions are poor and which violates the labor laws as defined by the legislature of the country. Poor working conditions may include unfair wages, child labor, lack of incentives given to the workers, perverse working hours, issues such as sexual or gender harassment, or any other kind of high degree exploitation of workers. Sweatshops even do not provide living wage to the workers, which is required to cover the basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. Workers work more than 60 hours per week. The workplace environment of sweatshops is a great stressor for workers. Harassment, intimidation, verbal abuse, and forceful work are important aspects of sweatshops. For example, workers are made to work with dangerous chemicals bare-handed. Developing or under-developed countries have the highest rate of child labor coming out of sweatshops that tend to produce a variety of products, such as clothing, shoes, toys, car gadgets, rugs, carpets, and eatables like chocolate and coffee. Sweatshops in China tend to pollute the air. There are a myriad of reasons behind this. Sweatshops discharge waste materials and toxic chemicals into the air and water. For instance, tons of dyes are discharged into water that causes various diseases. There are a number of sweatshops in China that are responsible for adverse environmental practices that are dangerous to health of workers working in the supplier plants. For example, Foxconn and Lian Jian Technology are some of the Chinese suppliers that work for Apple. These factories regularly violate China’s Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, according to which factories found indulged in

Programming and Commercial Effects on Children Essay Example for Free

Programming and Commercial Effects on Children Essay Many parents are not aware that commercial programming can have the same effect on childs cognitive learning as the programming the children are watching. The Merriman-Webster (2012) dictionary defines cognitive as, Of relating to, being, or involving conscious intellectual activity (as thinking, reasoning, or remembering). Research has been done on childrens programming as well as commercial television to show the effects on todays youth. Even though suggestive adult humor can be found in childrens programming, the impact commercials have toward children is just as important to watch. Television can provide opportunity for children to learn however it should not be a teacher or babysitter for todays youth. Questions like, If a program is scheduled at all hours of the day and into the night, does this make it appropriate for younger children to watch? should be just one of the many parents should ask when allowing children to watch specific television programming. Intentional or not, programmers use television to influence todays youth. With todays ability to view childrens programming on a multitude of different stations and different channels for each station, it is amazing on how much of todays programming for young children have hidden layers of adult humor. Television writers put subtle instances of adult humor in to childrens programming which allows for them to draw in ratings from a wider range of viewers. Rice (2009) conducted a study on popular childrens cartoon SpongeBob SquarePants in which it states the show is directed toward an age group of approximately 2 to 11 year olds, however research shows that it has a variety of audiences in all age groups. Nearly a quarter (22%) of the viewers ranged from ages 18 to 49. Along with this research, Rice also notes on the schedule of the show to emphasize how it is directed toward a large range of viewers. The show was slotted to air between early morning hours to even later hours, up until close to midnight which by then most of the targeted age group would ave been in bed for a few hours by the time of airing. Rice also recorded subject analysis data for several age groups. In information collected from high school students, the majority of them seem to identify with the shows side kick known as Patrick Star. A large majority of respondents say they watch the show because it is funny, entertaining, and hilarious (Rice, 2009, paragraph, 46). On the other hand, when college students were polled they more or less chose to watch because it helped them unwind from a stressful day, possibly like a treat for their bran after a hard day of class work. If a show that is targeted for a much younger age group has a relaxing type of effect, it would be interesting to see how it influences the target age group. When childrens programming is actually aimed towards a large range of viewers how adults choose what their children should watch could have an important impact on how they develop. In recent, years television networks an writers have taken a more proactive approach in educating youth through television programming. Some of this can be seen by the creation of junior channels. Channels like Nick Jr. or Disney Jr. ave created programming geared toward preschoolers and toddlers that use colors and characters to peak their interests. One of the more influential television stations that support child develop has been the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). PBS has had constant influence in child development with shows like Sesame Street and Barney Friends and now offer new programming like Bob the Builder, Teletubbies and Thomas Friends. These shows focus on learning in the early stages of a preschoolers development by reaching the alphabet, numbers, dancing, singing and even emotional responses. According to The Journal of Media Literacy (2012), To capture and hold viewer attention, each Dora episode features a linear narrative shaped around a high-stakes adventure with serious consequences. It calls upon viewers to interact with the television to help Dora overcome a series of structured challenges. When children hear that they did a good job or a positive response, they tend to want to interact more and thus keeps them interested in the programming. Along with current programming on television, networks have started developing DVDs to sell to parents when current programming might not peak a childs interests. Big Companies like Disney, the Brainy Baby Company and Sesame Workshop have started developing age specific programming. When a large company starts to invest in developmental programming, it gives a better sense of satisfaction as the brand is well known. DVD series like Baby Einstein, Brainy Baby and Sesame Beginnings all have their own niche and targeted age range however all promote development and learning. Kikorian, Wartella, and Anderson (2008) state shows like Baby Einstein target viewers from as young as one month old and covers a wide range of topics such as music, art, language and poetry while Sesame Beginnings targets children starting at six months of age. This show features younger versions of the Muppets of Sesame Street and promote interaction between children and their caregivers. Kikoran et al. (2008) also discussed the unique effect of television on children under the age of two and suggests that some research shows that exposure to television during the first few years of life may be associated with poorer cognitive development. This question could be geared toward the overall television experience which includes commercials and the actual programming. With the importance of what is appropriate for children to watch in television, parents seem to be more concerned with actual programming then what is played in between. However, studies have shown that these commercials can be just as influential to our youth. With promotion of movie trailers, current television shows and video games violence is in pure view for children to see and it is less monitored then the actual program. In order to track this data, the authors in an article in the Journal of Advertising had to define how children and their parents viewed violence. For the children defining violence was much more broad as one child responded with, Violent is fighting with weapons, with swords, blood, and gore and another stated, Violence is bleeding really bad. Sometimes its when somebody falls down and theyre scratched or bleeding really bad (Brocato et al. 2010). Parents were more unified with defining violence with violence consisting of blood, gore and death. Children seem to think that it is the mother that stresses the importance of them not watching while the fathers feel it is alright as long as they are watching it with them. Both parents shared a common theme in that the commercials are not the issue but the actual programming. Parents also shared that by being present they could address sensitive issues like violence when it happens. Reading through the study it was surprising to see possible limitations that could have address more issues. Parents could have been asked while being present when the issue arose how did the child react to the situation. Another question that might have been asked is how did the child react to the actual discussion about the topic. Was the child more interested in the programming or on what the parents had to say. Ultimately the article had a good basis for what were the more glaring issues and how both the parents and children valued what was played in commercials. Intentional or not, programmers use television to influence todays youth. This could be from how they act from watching their favorite television program, to desiring a new toy or video game that was currently seen on a commercial. Parents should take the time to watch what their children are watching. One way to see how a childs favorite program can affect them is to watch the program without the child and then with the child. When watched alone write down instances that might be inappropriate or that draw questions. As the child sits through the program watch how they react to certain situation and then discuss with them on what is positive and what is negative. With correct supervision and discussions, parents have the ability to be a part of the education process with todays youth.

Essay --

Econ 157 Health Economics Aram Cherkezyan Analytical Policy Write-Up Assignment 1 Affordable Health Care (ACA) In last few decades Health care sector many times helped to drag the economy from recession. However in last two years health care spending grew more slowly than the economy, and most probably it will repeat this year. Ongoing debates during last week continued about the pros and cons of Affordable Care Act and whether it will help the economy or not. Affordable Health Care plays a huge and a very important role in current US economy and particularly on employment, that is why I decided to focus my writing on Affected Health care and its consequences on US labor economy. The opponents of Affordable Care Act (ACA) claim that the Act will significantly worsen an economic condition in the country. However, in this write-up I’m going to focus on the advantages of Affordable Health Care and write only positive aspects of it. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) presents six ways that the ACA is helping the labor market, laying the foundation for future economic growth, and improving families’ financial security and well-being. I am going to provide an explanation for the most important points. First of all, preventing the growth of health care costs will decrease unemployment in near future. Currently United States has an unprecedented slowdown in the growth of healthcare (the lowest growth in the history during last three years), thus it will reduce the insurance premium costs for employers. Furthermore, employers will be able to hire more workers as soon as health care premium costs going to be smaller. Slower growth in health care costs reduces the growth of the health insurance premiums paid by employers, which has i... ...ty. Fifth and last point is the reduction in the long-term deficit and the foundation for future growth. ACA will reduce the deficit by about $10o billion and the ACA’s deficit-reducing effects will increase over time. CBO guesses that over the next two decades, the ACA will reduce the deficit by an average of 0.5 percent of GDP each year, thus reducing approximately $1.6 between 2022 and 2032. The decrease in long-term deficit will increase national savings, reducing foreign borrowing thus increasing national income. These factors will improve standards of living in the future. Relaying on these five major points I believe that Affordable Healthcare Act may shave a positive effect on US economy, improve health condition of low-income families, increase demand for goods and services, reduce foreign borrowing and decrease an unemployment rate in the United States. Essay -- Econ 157 Health Economics Aram Cherkezyan Analytical Policy Write-Up Assignment 1 Affordable Health Care (ACA) In last few decades Health care sector many times helped to drag the economy from recession. However in last two years health care spending grew more slowly than the economy, and most probably it will repeat this year. Ongoing debates during last week continued about the pros and cons of Affordable Care Act and whether it will help the economy or not. Affordable Health Care plays a huge and a very important role in current US economy and particularly on employment, that is why I decided to focus my writing on Affected Health care and its consequences on US labor economy. The opponents of Affordable Care Act (ACA) claim that the Act will significantly worsen an economic condition in the country. However, in this write-up I’m going to focus on the advantages of Affordable Health Care and write only positive aspects of it. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) presents six ways that the ACA is helping the labor market, laying the foundation for future economic growth, and improving families’ financial security and well-being. I am going to provide an explanation for the most important points. First of all, preventing the growth of health care costs will decrease unemployment in near future. Currently United States has an unprecedented slowdown in the growth of healthcare (the lowest growth in the history during last three years), thus it will reduce the insurance premium costs for employers. Furthermore, employers will be able to hire more workers as soon as health care premium costs going to be smaller. Slower growth in health care costs reduces the growth of the health insurance premiums paid by employers, which has i... ...ty. Fifth and last point is the reduction in the long-term deficit and the foundation for future growth. ACA will reduce the deficit by about $10o billion and the ACA’s deficit-reducing effects will increase over time. CBO guesses that over the next two decades, the ACA will reduce the deficit by an average of 0.5 percent of GDP each year, thus reducing approximately $1.6 between 2022 and 2032. The decrease in long-term deficit will increase national savings, reducing foreign borrowing thus increasing national income. These factors will improve standards of living in the future. Relaying on these five major points I believe that Affordable Healthcare Act may shave a positive effect on US economy, improve health condition of low-income families, increase demand for goods and services, reduce foreign borrowing and decrease an unemployment rate in the United States.

Biography of Malcolm Knowles Essay

Introduction One cannot mention Adult Education without making reference to the internationally reputable adult educationist by the name of Malcolm Shepherd Knowles. Malcolm is renowned for leading both as an academician and practitioner who played a crucial role in the development and the application of adult learning across the globe (George, 2011). Background Malcolm Shepherded Knowles was born in August 24, 1913 in Livingstone, Montana. His parents were Dr. and Mrs. Dr. A. D. Knowles. He loved to participate in sports and outdoor activities from an early age. In addition to this, he was an avid scout during his youthful years. He was also an academically astute student. This was made evident when he graduated at the top of his class from the Palm Beach High School in 1930. Consequently, he was admitted to the distinguished Harvard University where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934. During his stay at this prestigious institution, he took courses in philosophy, literature, history, political science, ethics and international law (George, 2011). He was also fascinated with extracurricular activities. This made him to be appointed the president of the Harvard Liberal Club, general secretary of the New England Model League of Nations, and President of the Phillips Brooks House. His involvement in voluntary service for the latter got him working with boys club and this formed a crucial platform for his fruitful career in adult education and social service. Career Malcolm Knowles went on to work with the National Youth Administration in Massachusetts where he was responsible for establishing the skills requirements for local employers and establish a course for the entire study body and teach those skills to the young people. In the course of this work he met Professor Eduard Lindeman who went on to become Malcolm’s mentor in adult education. As he continued in this work he married Hulda Fornell whom he had met at Harvard. In 1940, he assumed the role of Director of Adult Education. This enabled him to set up an association school for adults at the Boston YMCA. It is from this position that he was drafted into the Second World War in 1943. In 1946, he took the position of Director of Adult Education at the YMCA. He proceeded to pursue his Master’s degree in Arts at the University of Chicago and graduated in 1949. Under the mentorship of Cyril O. Houle he became executive director of the Adult Education Association of the USA which had been newly formed. He joined the Boston University in 1959 as an associate professor. During this time, he was very instrumental in launching a new graduate program in the field of adult education. He later joined the Fielding Graduate University in Massachusetts where he continued to teach until his retirement in 1979 (George, 2011). Despite the fact that he had retired, Knowles had already achieved his PhD continued to be involved in the field of Adult Education. During this time he became a Professor Emeritus at the North Carolina State University where he continued to write books and articles regarding adult education. Dr. Knowles passed away on Thanksgiving Day in 1997 at his home in Fayetteville, Arkansas due to stroke. Malcolm Knowles’s Contributions Malcolm’s contributions in education can never go unmentioned in especially in the field of adult education. He created a model which is still in use today in the field of adult education. This was the theory of andragogy. This theory was based on the differences in the learning styles between the children and the adults. This theory was developed after a thorough study of humanistic clinical psychology and the relationships which were derived from it. Thus, this theory was based on five basic assumptions about the features of adult learners (Malcolm, 1950). These features brought out a very different view from the features which were observed in children. These features included the following aspects (Malcolm, 1950); the self-concept; which is a person usually, matures over time from possessing a dependent personality towards one of being a self-directed one. Experience; this is the second feature which usually brings with it a huge amount of experience that an individual has gained over time. Readiness to learn; the primary motivation for a person’s readiness to earn may change from being one of eagerness of knowledge in his youth to one of eagerness to develop their social standing. Lastly, orientation to learning, as a person matures, his perspective of problems and urgencies shift to one of a frantic nature. Thus a person starts focusing more on his problems than the subject of his problems. Dr. Malcolm grounded the concept of adult education by bringing on board the principle of Adult Education. This came to the fore as part o his Master’s thesis as he was searching for a ‘coherent and comprehensive theory of adult learning’ when he hit upon the informal theory of adult education. He held the opinion that an organized course was usually better for new learning of an intensive nature while an informal association or club provided the best opportunity for practicing and refining the things which were taught (Malcolm, 1950). Dr. Malcolm spent a further fourteen years producing major texts in the field of adult education. His works include the Modern Practice of Adult Education (1970) and The Adult Learner (1973). These texts help to establish him as a central figure in adult education in the United States of America. Through them, the theory of andragogy was further popularized. He also recognized the value and the importance of learning communication skills. This is because he believed that humans have to interact with each other on a daily basis, therefore the knowledge of communication should be included as part of their curriculum. In order to aid an adult in the society, Dr. Malcolm believed that adult education should be able to enable the adults to develop a clear understanding of them through learning about their own needs and selves. Secondly, adults should cultivate a mindset of acceptance, love and respect towards others. This would help them to establish healthy relationships with others in the society. Adults should also possess an accepting attitude towards change. Adults should also figure out solutions to a general cause instead of fretting over the cause itself. This would help them to develop what he called an active and logical mind that would help them to make any situation and make it better. Adults should also have an understanding of the society and be proactive in instituting social change. This can be done by making every adult aware of the important issues such as political, economic, international affairs and the business aspects of life. Conclusion In conclusion, Dr. Malcolm Shepherd Knowles played a major role in the development and establishment of adult education. Despite the fact that he is no longer alive, his work, ideas and innovations still live on and inspire more strategies in adult learning. His efforts led to the development of the Theories of Andragogy and Self-Directed Learning (George, 2011). In addition to this, he was the first person to chart the rise and progress of the entire adult education movement which took center stage in the United States of America. This informed the process that led to the development of general theory and practice of informal adult education. Dr. Knowles remains to be a great inspiration to many academicians who have benefited from his ideas as well as the professionals in the field of adult education. References George, W. (2011). Malcolm Shepherd Knowles: A History of His Thought (Education in aCompetitive and Globalizing World). London: Nova Science . Malcolm, S. K. (1950). Informal Adult Education. Chicago: Association Press.

Mexico and its Importance to US Bilateral relations Essay

Mexico is an important asset to the United States, is shares 1,954 miles of border with the United States, and has become an important economic trading partner with the United States. Relations between these two nations are paramount, but we must address a list of issues that need answers, economic reform, homeland security, drug control, migration and even the environment. Every day over one million people cross the border legally, in 2012 two way trade totaled over $500 billion dollars. Mexico has remained one of the biggest tourist destinations for American travelers, and America major source of tourism for Mexico. Cooperation between these two nations is important, it is also important for the United States to help streamline diplomacy with Mexico. In 2010 the Executive Committee for 21st Century Border Management was created to help create advancements in creating a modern, secure and efficient border. This Committee was created to spur ideas on ways to help secure the border, as well as create a better way to manage the legal crossing taking place every day. The attacks September 1 1, 2001 led to the closing of many border crossing, putting a strain on the already verworked crossings, with the implementation of this program new ways are being explored on how we should run these border crossings as well as exploring the re- opening of certain closed crossing points. Cooperative activities between the U. S. and Mexico take place under a number of arrangements such as the U. S. -Mexico Border 2012/2020 Program the North American Development Bank and the Border Environment Cooperation Commission; the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation; the Border Health Commission. These agencies help cooperate with Mexico in regards to the serious environmental issues that have risen ue to population growth and industrialization. In 2008 we began the Merida Initiative seeking to cooperate with Mexico as well as other South American countries in an attempt to curb the growing trend of drug trafficking crimes. Mexico suggested that it was a shared problem because the majority of the money flowing into Mexico was from American drug users. Although as of 2012 congress has appropriated nearly 1. 9 billion dollars to the Merida Initiative. Beginning in 2010 the Merida Initiative took a four pillar approach to break down its attempts at disrupting the drug trafficking and violence problem. The first pillar aims to disrupt the capacity of organized crime to operate and the second pillar focuses on enhancing the capacity of Mexico’s government and institutions to sustain the rule of law. The Merida Initiative’s third pillar aims to improve border management to facilitate legitimate trade and movement of people while thwarting the flow of drugs, arms, and cash. Finally, the fourth pillar seeks to build strong and resilient communities. Despite the major advances we have made with mexico regarding trade and the furtherance of our partnership as nations, it must be noted the major issues we still ace. The Drug Cartels in mexico currently run a 20 plus billion dollar a year industry. important area of discussion is the immigration issues that have faced the united states from mexico as immigrants attempt to flee mexico for a variety of reasons. Mexico is also a major recipient of remittances, in 2012 the state department estimated over 22 billion dollars’ worth was sent from relatives living in America. Immigration has become a hot point in current affairs, it is time to analise some options for the future in regards to immigration and options regarding drug rafficking issues. In may of 2013 Obama announced the formation of a bilateral forum on higher education, innovation, and research. With this forum the United States and mexico will encourage typically underprivileged students to attend college and secondary schools providing them access to these schools as well as secondary training programs in STEM fields.. This forum is our first step towards making mexico an economic power as well as a place that can welcome advancing technology. Recommendations. Increasing the funding that is appropriated for the Merida Initiative, this funding hould be sent towards furthering the security checkpoints at Mexico’s borders. Updating x ray machines as well as non-invasive body scanners. Money should also be spent in an attempt to inform the Mexican community of the intentions to curb the trend of drug cartel control. The Merida initiative should focus primarily on the first pillar, of disrupting organized Criminal Groups. Scrapping all additional plans for continuing the fence on the American Mexican border. Rather Funds should be appropriated in designating a committee to explore further partnership with Mexico regarding immigration. America needs to accept that Mexican immigrants as a majority are good people looking for honest work. This should no longer be a crime, The process of obtaining a green card should be streamlined, making it accessible to anyone who seeks it out. This policy has to go hand in hand with near total elimination of drug violence. Mexico needs to be regarded as a safe place where both American and Mexican nationals can come and go across the border freely and without safety in question. Mexico should not be treated as a third world nation, we have the potential to help them become a eautiful place to visit. It Just requires some creative policy ideas to meet our goals. Drug Reform has not had much success, in part to the weak policies that have been implemented.

International Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Essays

International Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Essays International Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Essay International Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Essay International Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Ocean Conservancy’s International Coastal Cleanup is the world’s largest voluntary attempt for ocean’s wellness. Each twelvemonth. 1000s of voluntaries from around the Earth participate. uncluttering dozenss of rubbish from coastlines. rivers and lakes and entering every piece of rubbish collected. On a beautiful. hot. sunny and a small spot showery Saturday. we participated in the Annual International Coastal Cleanup at Freedom Island near the Manila-Cavite Expressway. It started at 8:00 am and was good organised. We brought our ain bags. baseball mitts and even sticks to catch the trash with. We patrolled the beach looking for litter and found chiefly little pieces like bottle tops. coffin nail butts. places. slippers. plastics and froths. It was saddening to see how much plastic you really find on a comparatively clean beach. I can non believe of a better topographic point to be than on the beach and took the autonomy of taking dips in the sea to chill off every now and so so it barely felt similar work at all and most of all. it felt good to be assisting out. We cleaned for a good two hours and at midday. we were offered drinks and participated in a group exposure for recollection and certification intents. We are all connected to the ocean. And we’re all responsible for the rubbish we leave behind. whether we mean to or non. We joined this planetary motion that is giving back to the ocean. spent merely one twenty-four hours of taking rubbish from our beaches and waterways. I can non believe of a better topographic point to be than on the beach and took the autonomy of taking dips in the sea to chill off every now and so so it barely felt similar work at all and most of all. it felt good to be assisting out. We cleaned for a good two hours and at midday. we were offered drinks and participated in a group exposure for recollection and certification intents. We are all connected to the ocean. And we’re all responsible for the rubbish we leave behind. whether we mean to or non. We joined this planetary motion that is giving back to the ocean. spent merely one twenty-four hours of taking rubbish from our beaches and waterways. I can non believe of a better topographic point to be than on the beach and took the autonomy of taking dips in the sea to chill off every now and so so it barely felt similar work at all and most of all. it felt good to be assisting out. We cleaned for a good two hours and at midday. we were offered drinks and participated in a group exposure for recollection and certification intents. We are all connected to the ocean. And we’re all responsible for the rubbish we leave behind. whether we mean to or non. We joined this planetary motion that is giving back to the ocean. spent merely one twenty-four hours of taking rubbish from our beaches and waterways. I can non believe of a better topographic point to be than on the beach and took the autonomy of taking dips in the sea to chill off every now and so so it barely felt similar work at all and most of all. it felt good to be assisting out. We cleaned for a good two hours and at midday. we were offered drinks and participated in a group exposure for recollection and certification intents. We are all connected to the ocean. And we’re all responsible for the rubbish we leave behind. whether we mean to or non. We joined this planetary motion that is giving back to the ocean. spent merely one twenty-four hours of taking rubbish from our beaches and waterways.

Using a Timer in MS Office VBA Macros

Using a Timer in MS Office VBA Macros For those of us who have our minds deeply into VB.NET, the journey back to VB6 can be a confusing trip. Using a Timer in VB6 is like that. At the same time, adding timed processes to your code is not obvious to new users of VBA Macros. Timers For Newbies Coding a Word VBA macro to automatically time a test that was written in Word is a typical reason for using a timer. Another common reason is to see just how much time is being taken by different parts of your code so you can work on optimizing the slow sections. Sometimes, you might want to see if anything is happening in the application when the computer seems to be just sitting there idle, which can be a security problem. Timers can do that. Start a Timer You start a timer by coding an OnTime statement. This statement is implemented in Word and Excel, but it has different syntax depending on which one youre using.  The syntax for Word is: expression.OnTime(When, Name, Tolerance) The syntax for Excel looks like this: expression.OnTime(EarliestTime, Procedure, LatestTime, Schedule) Both have the first and second parameter in common. The second parameter is the name of another macro that runs when the time in the first parameter is reached. In effect, coding this statement is like creating an event subroutine in VB6 or VB.NET terms. The event is reaching the time in the first parameter. The event subroutine is the second parameter. This is  different from the way it is coded in VB6 or VB.NET. For one thing, the macro named in the second parameter can be in any code that is accessible. In a Word document, Microsoft recommends putting it in the Normal document template. If you put it in another module, Microsoft recommends using the full path: Project.Module.Macro. The expression is usually the Application object. The Word and Excel documentation states that the third parameter can cancel the execution of the event macro in case a dialog or some other process prevents it from running within a certain time. In Excel, you can schedule a new time in case that happens. Code the Time Event Macro This code in Word is for the administrator who wants to display a notification that the testing time has expired and print the result of the test. Public Sub TestOnTime()Debug.Print The alarm will go off in 10 seconds!Debug.Print (Before OnTime: Now)alertTime Now TimeValue(00:00:10)Application.OnTime alertTime, EventMacroDebug.Print (After OnTime: Now)End SubSub EventMacro()Debug.Print (Executing Event Macro: Now)End Sub This results in the following content in the immediate window: The alarm will go off in 10 seconds!Before OnTime: 12/25/2000 7:41:23 PMAfter OnTime: 12/25/2000 7:41:23 PMExecuting Event Macro: 2/27/2010 7:41:33 PM Option for Other Office Apps Other Office applications dont implement OnTime. For those, you have several choices. First, you can use the Timer function, which simply returns the number of seconds since midnight on your PC, and does your own math, or you can use Windows API calls. Using Windows API calls has the advantage of being more precise than Timer. Heres a routine suggested by Microsoft that does the trick: Private Declare Function getFrequency Lib kernel32 _Alias QueryPerformanceFrequency (cyFrequency As Currency) As LongPrivate Declare Function getTickCount Lib kernel32 _Alias QueryPerformanceCounter (cyTickCount As Currency) As LongSub TestTimeAPICalls()Dim dTime As DoubledTime MicroTimerDim StartTime As SingleStartTime TimerFor i 1 To 10000000Dim j As Doublej Sqr(i)NextDebug.Print (MicroTimer Time taken was: MicroTimer - dTime)End SubFunction MicroTimer() As Double Returns seconds.Dim cyTicks1 As CurrencyStatic cyFrequency As CurrencyMicroTimer 0 Get frequency.If cyFrequency 0 Then getFrequency cyFrequency Get ticks.getTickCount cyTicks1 SecondsIf cyFrequency Then MicroTimer cyTicks1 / cyFrequencyEnd Function

Business Law- Law of Negligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Law- Law of Negligence - Essay Example Helen’s claim for her injuries and lost earnings against Metro plc. The issues in this case is whether Metro Plc owes Helen a duty of care for failing to secure the wood that passersby were supposed to use to cross over the holes they had dug. Furthermore, the other issue found in this case is to ascertain whether it was Metro Plc negligence, which led her to lose her earnings. The law applicable in this case is law of negligence; negligence is defined as the lack of use of reasonable care resulting into causing harm to the other person or property. Negligence occurs either when an individual does something that a reasonable person would not do or failing to do something that a reasonable man would. There are various precedents have been set over the years concerning the law of negligence. One of those precedents is good neighborship that was set in the case of Donoghue vs. Stevenson and another recent precedent, which is relevant to this case, is Caparo vs. Dickman (1990). Me tro Plc is liable for Helens’ injury since they could not have foreseen the accident. This is because they had already taken action into ensuring that the passersby would not suffer injury; however, their action did not prevent Helen from suffering personal injury. In Caparo vs. Dickman (1990), it was held that the principle of neighbourhood involved more than just a person who was in a contract with the defendant. In addition, there are three principles used to determine whether there is duty of care. The first principle is foreseeability of claimant being harmed, it is clear that the defendants had foreseen possible harm and had not taken enough action to ensure that passersby like Helen would not be at risk of harm. The other principle is the proximity between the defendant and the claimant. In this case, there is an aspect of neighbourhood between Helen and Metro plc since the defendants knew claimant and other passersby used the place. In Donoghue vs. Donoghue (1932), ju dge Atkin stated that a neighbour is not a person with whom one has physical closeness but one that is likely to be affected by the other person’s actions. The third principle of Caparo case states that a person can only be held to owe a duty of care if doing so is reasonable, fair and just. In the case of Helen vs. Metro plc, it was reasonable fair and just that the defendant ensured that the claimant and other passersby were not at risk. On the other claim of losing her earnings, Helen cannot blame Metro Plc this is because she spent more time in hospital because she was not served on arrival. Metro Plc could not have foreseen that she could have lost her earnings as a result, of their actions; therefore, they do not owe them a duty of care. In Spartan steel and Alloys Ltd V Martin & Co. Ltd (1873) it was held that economic loss can only be recoverable only if it results from physical damage that was caused by the defendant’s negligence (Harpwood, 2000). Helenâ€℠¢s claim against Hubble & Co. In this case, Helen is the claimant from Hubble & Co for negligence this is because she relied on the report that Hubble & Co prepared to buy more shares, and this led her into losing money since Bubble &Co’s report was wrong. The issues that arise from this case include whether Bubble &Co are liable since they were merely employees of Metro Plc the company that Helen owned shares. The law applicable in this case is pure economic loss negligence (Matthews, 2012).

Entrepreneurship 320 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Entrepreneurship 320 - Movie Review Example complete factory that was later named, â€Å"North Shore Soap Factory.† Market gaps were identified, and the products were designed to capture prospective consumers. A spa inspired boutique was established. Product differentiation was undertaken after more original recipes were established. The two founders of the North Shore Soap Factory attribute their success story to the following reasons; Richard Schmelzer realized a potential business empire from an idea generated by his wife Sheri and their kids. The idea relied on decorating shoes with rhinestones and clay charms. Sheri Schmelzer is a witness that entrepreneurial skills can sprout from creativity, timing, and patience. Rich took the business idea and created Jibbitz. The company specializes on producing accessories for Crocs shoes. He attributes the success to timing. His business was defined by the ability to capitalize on ideas no matter how small they appear. Entrepreneurial skills do not necessarily arise from strong business ideas, ideas as small as those of Rich’s wife and kids bear potential success. Jibbitz success story revolves around the spheres of capitalizing on potential business ideas and establishing the appropriate time to capture the existing market trends (Hutt p

A Business Research Proposal of British Airways

A Business of British Airways - Research Proposal Example The role of social media is very critical in today’s market, as business are desperate of attracting new customers and retaining the new ones as there is intensified competition in the market share of the customers (Kaplan & Haenlein 2010, 63). The airline industry is one of the most competitive markets in the service sector. Major airline operators in the industry are fighting to not only understand the needs of their customers but also in tracking their level of satisfaction with their services (Prokesch 1995, 109). As a result, the utilization of modern social technologies in reaching the customers has become a fundamental practice to enhance competitiveness among key players in the industry. A key player in the airline industry in the United Kingdom is the British Airways that owns about 47 per cent of UK airline market share (Mills 2003, 17). The purpose of the research study is focusing on the role of the social media on the British Airway Company as part of the company’s Customer Relationship Management strategy (CRM). As a result of the low differentiation of the services offered in the industry, the airline industry has become one of the markets under stiff competition in the service sector. As a result, major firms operating in the sector are adopting devise innovative strategies to improve their relationship with their customers through the Customer Relationship Management systems (Belobaba et al. 2009, par 1). The social media has developed to be one of the most effective and convenient platforms due to its popularity where customers are engaged, and communication is also enhanced. CRM has been related to understanding the needs of the customers and addressing them in a timely manner thus social media plays a key role  in enhancing effective CRM (Verhoef 2003, 33). In regards to the to the intensified competition in the

Human resource policies

Human resource policies Part A: Formal Human Resource Policies Introduction Human Resource (HR) policies can be defined as â€Å"continuing guidelines on the approach the organization intends to adopt in managing its people† (Armstrong, 2007). They are formal rules adopted by a business that define how to employ, train, assess, and reward the personnel, forming the philosophies of the organization, which lead to the principles which managers are supposed to practise when coping with HR matters. Consequently, HR policies help in the decision-making process concerning staff when HR practices are unfold. Part A of the assignment looks at a HR policies concept that promises to help organizations to manage various situations in working environment. The central statement that this part attempted to discuss and debate is: Literature Review According to Salinas O. in his Article â€Å"Other concepts and tools in Human Resources†Policies of recruitment, implementation, maintenance, development and control of Human Resource are vital for the proper performance of work force in the company. â€Å"In our opinion, the policies set by the company will never be unnecessary, just poorly developed or they have not been designed†. Advantages and Disadvantages of HR Policies The main claim made for HR policies is that when they are well-organized it can eliminate potential misinterpretations between employees and employers defining their rights and obligations within the firm. Ramey Sniffen (1991) claim that â€Å"sound human resource policy is a necessity in the growth of any business or company†. Authors believe that recognition of this necessity usually appears after the increase in time and money wasted on resolving human resource issues. These resources could be well spent on production, marketing, and planning for growth. Effective, consistent, and fair human resource decisions are often made more time consuming by a lack of written, standardized policies and procedures. The advantages of written HR policies may sound obvious, but there are also disadvantages. According to Armstrong (2007), formal policies can be inflexible, constrictive, and platitudinous. Moreover, policies are often expressed in abstract terms that may lead managers to get confused over abstractions. It appeared that even though HR experts tend to believe that written policies are a necessity, employees usually against it as written records may become dangerous and can be used against them in a lawsuit and vice versa, the organisation can become a subject to similar attacks. Organisational Analysis We can notice examples that show us the relationship between cause and effect of the poorly developed policies which further lead to organisational problems and low productivity. This can be reflected in following organisational examples analyzed below, however, some of the organisations mentioned have adopted some HR policies which brought a positive impact on the organisation. CAUSE # 1 →DIFFICULTIES IN PERFOMANCE EVALUATION Employees without self- assessment Effects The companys evaluation is not known by the areas Managers dont discuss the companys evaluation with employees CAUSE # 2 →COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS The company lacks of communication flow Effects Lack training for development of communicative skills Lack of spaces and technology in order to improve the communications transmission CAUSE # 3 →INSUFFICIENT TRAINING Lack of studies according to necessities of training Effects Resistance by employees to have training Few options to training CAUSE # 4 →LOW COMMITMENT TO DO TASKS Low motivation Effects Absolute ignorance of results achieved by the employees Low participation by the employees making decisions CAUSE # 5 →INADEQUATE SYSTEM OF SELECTION Poor pre-contract investigation Effects Deficiencies in the scheme of recruitment Gap in the call phase CAUSE # 6 →POOR STIMULATION SYSTEM Effects Insufficient Stimulation in items such as : salary, promotion, training and bonus Organisational Examples Wright et al. (2003) argues that companies start treating people as a human capital of competitive advantage which can be taken through the HR policies that best leverage of HR practices and its performance. Hilton Internationals UK hotels perceive this idea as being fundamenktally concerned with deployment of a service culture throughout the organization by paying special attention to line manager involvement in human resource practice (Maxwell Watson, 2006). HR policy also designed to address gender issues with emphasis on equal opportunities and efficiency concerns. Not taking these issues seriously usually lead to sexual discriminations particular among woman workforce sector. A study conducted by Standing (2000) describes the lack of reference to gender issues mostly in developing countries. It is exemplified that in Zimbabwe womens formal sector employment is mainly in the service sector and women stand at the lower end of the hierarchy and salary grades. It is also noted that in Uganda, only 3.7% women are employed in professional, technical, clerical and managerial occupations. LG Electronics India had come up with new and improved HR Policy by introducing the Joyful Working 5 (JW5) programme. To accelerate and strengthen the Culture at LGEIL as the survey was conducted within the company, which mainly focused on the monotony employees are facing at work and the boredom they are undergoing. Such policy created the platform for both the employees and employers in better understanding and pleasant work environment which not only helped the company creating the compelling future, but also build the culture of striving for number one position in the industry. (LG, 2009) NHS Direct were planning to redundant some of their employees in the next few months. With the formal company policies in place, the UNISON union committee had fought back with the statement that NHS Direct has breached policy for reasons which include failing to consult with UNISONs collective committee that there were plans to issue advance notice of redundancies. As a result, NHS Directs director of human resources said, If the proposal is accepted, we would, wherever possible, offer staff alternative employment at nearby NHS Direct sites and redundancies would only take effect as a last resort. (TheComet24, 2009) This is a case about Blue Cross Company; according to Larson (2007) Susan Baldwin working for Blue Cross Company claimed she was subjected to various profanities and sexual innuendo from her boss. Blue Cross immediately interviewed Scott Head, the alleged harasser, and three other employees, but no one substantiated Baldwins claims. Rather than terminating or disciplining the supervisor, Blue Cross gave him a warning and offered to hire an industrial psychologist to counsel both him and Baldwin. She refused. When Baldwin refused Blue Crosss subsequent offer to transfer her to another location, she was terminated. Her lawsuit followed quickly. The court found that Blue Cross was not liable for discrimination for terminating Baldwin because, Firing an employee because she will not cooperate with the employers reasonable efforts to resolve her complaints is not discrimination based on sex, even if the complaints are about sexual harassment. The court also found that Blue Cross was not liable for the alleged acts of its supervisor because it exercised reasonable care to promptly correct harassing behaviour as soon as it was reported, and Baldwin unreasonably failed to take advantage of the remedial actions Blue Cross offered. (Larson, 2007) A case about Sharon Coleman a former legal secretary in July 2008, won a legal battle in the European Court of Justice against her employers Attridge Law (now called EBR Attridge LLP), whom she accused of discriminating against her at the workplace and of having forced her into accepting voluntary redundancy. As Coleman had a 4-year-old son who was disabled, born with a medical condition that led to his having difficulties in breathing and hearing. According to Coleman, she was treated differently at work from other employees, who had normal children. By the law of Flexibility in the Workplace Discrimination by Association, Coleman sued the company and won her legal battle.(ICMR, 2008a) Eli Lilly Company (Lilly) worlds leading Pharmaceuticals Company, which claims to have a very good diversity program running at the company and was also widely regarded as a very good employer, faced a federal lawsuit regarding the companys human rights policies and practices. On April 20, 2006, a class action lawsuit was filed with the US District Court, Southern District of Indiana, by four black employees who had worked at Lilly. The lawsuit charged the company with being hostile and biased against them because of their race. Lilly was accused of discriminating against the black employees on the basis of race and denying them fair wages, promotions, performance evaluations and discipline. In terms of renovation, reinvention, transformation or redesign, General Electric, has done emphasis in having a good working relationship and keep the best atmosphere for their employees. According to Immelt J, people are the most important value in General Electric. Therefore, the ability to recruit the best people in the world is a competitive advantage without comparison. A strategic point into the management of RH is the communication chain, at the same time; the leaders must be able to represent employers and employees. Clear HR policies are essential so employees could understand their company and gain a sense of belonging. Harley Davison which has a human resources system based on formal training and learning management. The result of this is that their employees share a positive attitude that is associated with the development and competitiveness of this Company. Harley Davison institutionalises its commitment to learning and created the University of Harley with the aim if developing leaders, translating values into action with an emotional performance in which the value attached to learning applies and, the evaluation of individual performance shapes a new organization in which the learning is shared and it is the ingredient that binds employees. For the Swede Ingvar Kamprad founder of IKEA company, who started his idea in 1943, thinking in the basic necessities of the common people and nowadays his company has branch on 36 countries of Europe, Asia, North America and Oceania with more than 200 stores, the protection and careful of his employees, is and will be one of the most important policy, doing of them, a company with high social responsibility. Currently IKEA has more than 105.000 employees, for this reason their greatest concern for them is give to their employees a good balance between work and personal life, therefore, they have kept flexibility in their task and activities, suitable schedules, plans of professional development, support in different studies as college or universities and medical coverage; consequently of their policies in RH and programs for employees, IKEA has received several awards. WALMART, company which is into top 5 of the greatest companies in the world. It success is based mainly in â€Å"customers and employees†, In fact the policies created around the employees was essential in his goals, Sam Walson founder, offered their employees, benefits and gaining, in order to, they were part of the excellent results. In other words, Sam Walson wanted his employees were members, encouraging from cashiers to managers to think how owners, idea very successful, likewise, for him, was fundamental to have employees with new ideas, clear thoughts and positive mind without bad habits from their previous jobs. Nestlà © was a result of the merger in 1905 of the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk, founded in 1866, with (Farine Lactea) Nestlà © SA., Founded in 1867 by Henri Nestlà ©, who invented a product that continues to save the lives of children and newborn infant formula for babies whose mothers cannot breastfeed. its success is the sum of a long and distinguished history, part of its success is based on the thought that their partners should achieve a good balance between their careers and their privacy. Not only because it reinforces the loyalty, satisfaction and it improves productivity, also it has a positive impact on the reputation of the Company and to attract and motivate employees. According to the list of Best Workplaces 2007, Microsoft has been designated as the company with better working environment, the study include: credibility, respect, fairness, pride and camaraderie. According to it, the Microsoft executives are fulfilling their promises in creating career and training opportunities and properly assigning functions (promotions to worthy people), the company involves employees in decision-making takes into account their suggestions, recognizes his work and allows flexibility. Employee networks are a key element of American Express success in supporting diversity in the workplace. Currently, American Express has 10 networks open to all employees organized around topics of interest to African-American, Asian, Christian, Gay Lesbian, Hispanic, Jewish, and Native American employees, as well as for People over 40, People with Disabilities and Women. These networks provide support to American Express business objectives, including enhancing marketing efforts in targeted communities, supporting employee recruitment and retention initiatives, and participating in outreach and volunteer programs. These networks have also been instrumental in helping to introduce new policies and benefits to employees. For example, GLOBE, the companys gay and lesbian network, was instrumental in having domestic partner benefits introduced back in 1997. And WIN, the womens network, worked with management to introduce a customized companywide alternative work arrangements policy as well as a free backup childcare centers in several locations throughout the United States. A mishandling on the resources human policies, can lead to failure. Such as is the case of ENRON one of the seven biggest companies in United States, the problem was focused in a poor policy of recruitment and selection, due to, they chosen people with high qualification, but they were not suitable for the position, besides people hired by just friendship, taking wrong decisions in critical situations. Is the case of Cindy Olson who was HR Vice-President of ENRON. She did not have enough knowledge about United States laws regarding to employee benefits, giving wrong advices of investment over stock-options. The previous point represents a serious violation to the financial legislation in the United State of America. Conclusions Looking at the evidence provided, it seems that production and maintenance of formal HR policies record are applied in ways that assures that personnel management policies are in use. Companies typically have to make revisions to established HR policies on a regular basis otherwise there is a danger of those policies to become outdated as the company grows and as the regulatory and business environments in which it operates evolve. On the other side, Policies can be made today and changed tomorrow who can stop the management from doing that? Most research on human resource (HR) policies in the workplace suggests that formal policies can contribute to variation in discrimination by altering employers behaviours. We consider an alternative manner by which HR policies influence formal discrimination complaints. HR policies, especially those targeting employees, can raise employees rights awareness and encourage them to seek remedies for discrimination at work. PART B: BOYCOTTS, LOCKOUTS AND STRIKES Chapter 1. Introduction Industrial actions typically take place when a disagreement between the trade union and the management team of a business is not resolved through negotiation. The main forms of industrial action are: Strikes (workers refuse to work for the employer) and Lockouts (a work stoppage where the employer stops workers from working). These sorts of actions should be avoided because they are expensive for businesses and countries; actions must be taken by HR management and trade unions in order to solve the disputes at work, they have mechanisms such as: Mediation (A mediator, an impartial expert talks to both parties and gets a solution both can accept); Conciliation (Though similar to mediation but used to resolve legal dispute instead of general problems inside the company); Arbitration (An impartial person known as an arbitrator, decides between two claims).The last resource affirms by NI Direct, UK to solve a work problem is going to an Industrial Tribunal or a court Literature Review Not until the 1960s, Leopold, Harris, Watson (2005) claimed, â€Å"There was little in the way of legal intervention in the relationship between employer and employee. A growing concern about the impact of the countrys high level of industrial stoppages on the UKs economic performance led to the setting up of the Donovan Commission to investigate the countrys industrial relations problems. While the Commissions report (Donovan, 1968) supported the continuance of the voluntary system of bargaining it recommended reform based on ‘properly conducted, collective bargaining with a greater formalization of the process at company level which was to include the professionalization of personnel specialists. Certain individuals/organisations operate with a view of management and work organisations which academics often characterize as processual an approach which they contrast with a systems one (Watson, 2002). They see management as a process in which managers are ‘all the time negotiating and renegotiating compromises and achieving work agreements, rather than a ‘matter of resigning systems which sort everything out. They operate within a pluralist perspective: This always taking into account the fact that there is a plurality of interests, goals, wants and priorities among the variety of people involved in any given organisation. Other organisations see management and employment relations from Unitary Perspective: This assumes the predominance of common interests and shared priorities across the organisation†. Pages 412-414 Boycott Burnett (1891) defined boycott as â€Å"a means of moral offence used by individuals against each other, or by sections of a community against other sections or individuals differing from them on some matter of action or opinion. The industrial boycott almost invariably but not always or necessarily, is a phase of strike or lock-out, but it sometimes exists apart from either. It is generally used against an employer who refuses to concede the demands of his workpeople or of trade union, but it sometimes applied by one organisation of workmen against another. It may accompany or supplement and follow, an unsuccessful strike, or it may be wielded against an employer having no dispute with his employee, simply because they do not belong to a trade union†. Pages 163-173 Lock-Out According to DEWR, Australian Government, â€Å"Lockout is a weapon of an employer to thwart or enforce such change by preventing employees from working. Another measure is work to rule, when production is virtually brought to a halt by the strict following of union rules. This will depend on whether the lockout is â€Å"protected† (ie. lawful) or â€Å"unprotected† (ie. unlawful). Lockouts are protected if: They occur during a properly notified bargaining period There is a genuine attempt to reach agreement before the industrial action is taken; Employer gives at least three working days written notice to each party with whom they are negotiating (unless the lockout is a response to protected industrial action by employees). Guests (1995) fourfold classification of options for managing the employment relationship HRM PRIORITY High HRM PRIORITY Low IR PRIORITY High New Realism High emphasis on HRM ER Traditional Collectivism Priority to IR without HRM IR PRIORITY Low Individualised HRM High priority to HRM No IR The Black Hole No HRM No IR Guest identifies that there are a number of policy options that need to be considered when developing an employment relations strategy. He describes four options: The new realism a high emphasis on human resource management and industrial relations. The aim is to integrate human resource management and industrial relations. This is the policy of such organisation as Nissan and Toshiba. New collaborative arrangements in the shape of single-table bargaining are usually the result of employer initiatives, but both employers and unions are often satisfied with them. They have facilitated greater flexibility, more multiskilling, the removal of demarcations and improvements in quality. They can also extend consultation processes and accelerate moves towards single status. Traditional collectivism priority to industrial relations without human resource management. This involves retaining the traditional pluralist industrial relations arrangements within an eventually unchanged industrial relations system. Management may take the view in these circumstances that it is easier to continue to operate within a union, since it provides a useful, well-established channel for communication and for the handling of grievance, discipline and safety issues. Individualised human resource management high priority to human resource management with no industrial relations. According to Guest, this approach is not very common, except in North American owned firms. It is, he believes, essentially piecemeal and opportunist. The black hole no industrial relations. This option is becoming more prevalent in organisations in which human resource management is not a policy priority for management and where they do not see that there is a compelling reason to operate within a traditional industrial relations system. When such organisations are facing a decision on whether or not to recognise a union, they are increasingly deciding not to do so. THEORETICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGING UNION RELATIONS In general terms, various organisations/management employ different ways in resolving or managing conflicts with employees or trade unions. Leopold, Harris and Watson (2005) outlined the TraditionalStrategic Human Resourcing theory in managing Union Relations. Traditional Strategic Human Resourcing Options in Management-Union Relations One of the major ways in which employing organisations can manage conflicts and handle many of the potential differences that can arise between employer and employee has been through institutionalised arrangements of collective bargaining and Consultation with the Trade Unions. A key human resourcing strategic decision for the managers of any organisation is whether or not they are going to recognize, pr continue to recognize trade union(s) as a legitimate vehicle for the expression of employee interests Unions win the vast majority of pre-strike ballots, but in most cases, strikes do not occur because further negotiations to reach a final settlement occur (Labour Research Department, 1993). Thus Blyton and Turnbull (1998:301) conclude that strikes may be viewed as a sign of union weakness, not of strength, because a strong union is able to achieve a negotiated settlement through the threat of strike action backed by membership support in a ballot rather than actually conducting a strike. Union Recognition Although employers may be faced with demands for union recognition, the process of reaching agreement with the union (s) is likely to lead to a classification and codification of a number of key issues. Negotiations over recognition are also likely to confront a key issue. In the 1990s, there was a move towards the establishment of single-table bargaining where all the recognized unions in an organisation negotiated common pay and conditions agreements together rather than a series of separate agreements (Gall, 1994) The final area of decision-making in a recognition agreement is over which issues are to be part of the substantive agreements, that is, which areas of decision-making are to be subject to joint decision-making. These are likely to include basic pay and conditions of employment such as hours of work and pensions. Finally, a recognition agreement would also contain provisions for the resolution of disputes though conciliation or arbitration. Clauses would probably exclude the use of strikes or lockouts until these procedures had been exhausted, thus providing one of the key benefits to management of formal recognition The avoidance of informal or wild cat strikes while disputes are considered through the formal procedures. Substitution Strategic option Beaumont (1987) distinguishes between union substitution and union avoidance as approaches to staying or becoming non-union. In considering union substitution approaches, it might be useful to consider what unions have to offer employees and relate this to the chain of thought that employees might go through in deciding to join or not. The implication is that if management can intervene to influence any of these decisions then the outcome maybe that employees do not perceive any need to join a union as they do not believe that it would be able to improve the terms and conditions of employment or the nature of the employment relationship. Employers could seek to provide alternative channels ‘employee voice through such devices as open-door policies, employee-based works councils and individual-based employee participation mechanisms so that again employees do not feel that union channels of representation would significantly improve their situation at work. Many alternative providers of membership services exist through other membership and commercial organisations so that this is not likely to be the prime route into union membership for non-members (Whitston and Waddington, 1994; Waddington 2003). The essence of Beaumonts argument is therefore that employers can seek to introduce policies and practices that substitute for those which might follow from union membership and recognition. The Human Resource Management Approach to Employment Relations The human resource management approach to employment relations involves coordinating (or bundling) strategies to promote the psychological contract, improve involvement and communication. Armstrong (1999) suggests the following model for employment relations: a drive for commitment winning the hearts and minds of employees to get them to identify with the organisation, to exert themselves more on its behalf and to remain with the organisation, thus ensuring a return on their training and development; an emphasis on mutuality getting the message across that we are all in this together and that the interests of management and employees coincide (i.e. a unitarist approach); the organisation of complementary forms of communication, such as team briefing, alongside traditional collective bargaining i.e. approaching employees directly as individuals or in groups rather than through their representatives; a shift from collective bargaining to individual contracts; the use of employee involvement techniques such as quality circles or improvement groups; continuous pressure on quality total quality management; increased flexibility in working arrangements, including multi-skilling, to provide for the more effective use of human resources, sometimes accompanied by an agreement to provide secure employment for the core workers harmonisation of terms and conditions for all employees; and emphasis on teamwork. Organisational Examples Article written by Cary (2007) explains that Sears Holdings Corporation Canada and U.S October 1,2007 locked out 70 appliance repair technicians in Metro Vancouver, Canada. Sears said ‘the technicians could return to work under imposed terms that do not include any scheduled wage increases for four years. Sears scheduled work weeks without two consecutive days off, eliminated certain overtime premiums, and remove a pre-existing paid holiday. Sears also said ‘technicians returning to work would not pay union dues, almost four months the lockout continues. The lockout technicians are asking North American workers to boycott sears stores in order to get sears back to bargaining. Joe (2009) reports that, there is a chronic shortage of primary and secondary school places in Lewisham. The council of Lewisham proposes to demolish the school, currently for ages 3-